阿豹正在努力修編本節，製作更好的教材，未來內容可能稍有變更。
主要參考資料
以下來源用於本章架構、關鍵界值與處置原則。疾病特異指引列於各器官專章。
台灣命題範圍與核心教科書
- 考選部：專技人員各應試專業科目命題大綱及參考用書。醫師分階段考試新版命題大綱，自 116 年第一次考試實施。
- Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, et al., eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 22nd ed. McGraw Hill; 2025.
- Soriano RP, ed. Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, 14th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2025.
- McGee S. Evidence-Based Physical Diagnosis, 5th ed. Elsevier; 2021.
臨床推理與診斷試驗
- Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, et al. STARD 2015: An Updated List of Essential Items for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. BMJ. 2015;351:h5527.
- Jaeschke R, Guyatt GH, Sackett DL. Users' Guides to the Medical Literature: How to Use an Article About a Diagnostic Test. JAMA. 1994.
- Juraschek SP, Cortez MM, Flack JM, et al. Orthostatic Hypotension in Adults With Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2024;81:e16-e30.
急性病評估、氧氣與輸液
- World Health Organization, International Committee of the Red Cross, International Federation for Emergency Medicine. Basic Emergency Care: Approach to the Acutely Ill and Injured. 2018；教學投影片更新至 2025。
- Resuscitation Council UK. The ABCDE Approach. Updated 2024.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acutely ill adults in hospital: recognising and responding to deterioration, CG50. NEWS2 相關內容更新於 2019。
- Society of Critical Care Medicine. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2026.
- O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, Mak V. British Thoracic Society Guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017;72 Suppl 1:i1-i90.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital, CG174. Updated 2017.
- Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:829-839.
- Finfer S, Micallef S, Hammond N, et al. Balanced Multielectrolyte Solution versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:815-826.
營養、臨床藥理與用藥安全
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Nutrition support for adults, CG32. Updated 2017.
- International Council for Harmonisation. ICH M12: Drug Interaction Studies. Final guideline; 2024.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Impaired Renal Function: Study Design, Data Analysis, and Impact on Dosing. Final guidance; 2024.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Impaired Hepatic Function: Study Design, Data Analysis, and Impact on Dosing and Labeling. Final guidance; 2003.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Examples of Drugs that Interact with CYP Enzymes and Transporter Systems. Current online reference table.
- Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium. CPIC Guidelines. Current gene-drug prescribing recommendations.
- World Health Organization. Medication Without Harm: Policy Brief. 2024.
- World Health Organization. Medication Safety in High-risk Situations. 2019.
臨床遺傳學
- Richards S, Aziz N, Bale S, et al. Standards and Guidelines for the Interpretation of Sequence Variants: A Joint Consensus Recommendation of the ACMG and AMP. Genet Med. 2015;17:405-424.
- Strande NT, Riggs ER, Buchanan AH, et al. Evaluating the Clinical Validity of Gene-Disease Associations: An Evidence-Based Framework Developed by the Clinical Genome Resource. Am J Hum Genet. 2017;100:895-906.
- Manickam K, McClain MR, Demmer LA, et al. Exome and Genome Sequencing for Pediatric Patients with Congenital Anomalies or Intellectual Disability: An Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline of the ACMG. Genet Med. 2021;23:2029-2037.
- Lee K, Abul-Husn NS, Amendola LM, et al. ACMG SF v3.3 List for Reporting of Secondary Findings in Clinical Exome and Genome Sequencing. Genet Med. 2025;27:101454.
- National Human Genome Research Institute. Special Considerations for Genomics Research: Informed Consent, Families and Return of Findings.
- Bennett RL, French KS, Resta RG, Austin J. Practice Resource-Focused Revision: Standardized Pedigree Nomenclature Update Centered on Sex and Gender Inclusivity. J Genet Couns. 2022;31:1238-1248；correction 2025.
ECG、影像與 POCUS
- Wigginton JG, Agarwal S, Bartos JA, et al. Part 9: Adult Advanced Life Support: 2025 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2025;152 Suppl 2:S538-S577.
- Brugada J, Katritsis DG, Arbelo E, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Supraventricular Tachycardia. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:655-720.
- American College of Emergency Physicians. Ultrasound Guidelines: Emergency, Point-of-care, and Clinical Ultrasound Guidelines in Medicine. 2023.
- American Society of Echocardiography, American College of Emergency Physicians. Focused Cardiac Ultrasound in the Emergent Setting: A Consensus Statement. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010.
- American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Chronic Dyspnea. Revised 2024.
老年、多重共病與轉銜
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Multimorbidity: Clinical Assessment and Management, NG56. 2016.
- American Geriatrics Society 2023 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2023 Updated AGS Beers Criteria. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023;71:2052-2081.
- O'Mahony D, Cherubini A, Renom Guiteras A, et al. STOPP/START Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Prescribing in Older People: Version 3. Eur Geriatr Med. 2023;14:625-632.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: Prevention, Diagnosis and Management, CG103. Updated 2023.
- Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, et al. Clarifying Confusion: The Confusion Assessment Method. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:941-948.
- World Health Organization. Medication Safety in Transitions of Care. 2019.
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. IDEAL Discharge Planning.