(A) 後葡萄腫（posterior staphyloma of sclera鞏膜) :
Patients with pathologic myopia are at increased risk for posterior staphylomas. Up to 50% of patients with pathologic myopia are reported to have a staphyloma. The definition of pathologic myopia has been updated to include the presence of a posterior staphyloma. 

(B) Fuchs斑點（Fuchs spot）:
 Fuchs spots (also referred to as Forster-Fuchs spots) is an area of RPE (Retinal pigment epithelium) hyperplasia suspected to be the response of regressed CNV (choroidal neovascularization). Myopic CNV is the most common cause of vision loss in high myopia and has been reported in 5% to 10% of cases of pathologic myopia.

(C) 脈絡膜視網膜萎縮（chorioretinal atrophy）:
Pathologic myopia is defined as the presence of myopic maculopathy equal to or more severe than diffuse chorioretinal atrophy. Myopic maculopathy includes diffuse chorioretinal atrophy, patchy chorioretinal atrophy, lacquer cracks, myopic choroidal neovascularization (myopic CNV), and CNV-related macular atrophy. 

(D) 血管樣紋（angioid streaks）:
Angioid streaks are linear cracks in Bruch's membrane (located between RPE and fenestrated choroidal capillaries of the eye). They are caused by a breakdown in the collagen and elastic lamina of Bruch's membrane. There are a number of potential causes of angioid streaks, including pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Ehler-Danlos syndrome, Paget's disease, sickle cell disease, and other hemoglobinopathies. The exact pathogenesis and pathophysiology of angioid streaks is not known.